entered into a cooperation agreement with Ukraine to develop two new naval ports, Ochakiv on the Black Sea and Berdyansk on the Sea of Azov, a move that Russia saw as potentially threatening. warships in the Black Sea began to increase. Despite no timeline for membership, Ukraine was made a NATO Enhanced Opportunity Partner in 2020.For Russia, Crimea is vital as the peninsula hosts Russia’s Black Sea fleet, providing it access to the Mediterranean and its bases at Latakia and Tartus in Syria.Later that year, Russia intervened in Georgia on the grounds of protecting the Russian minorities and took over the northern provinces of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.President George Bush’s urging, an in-principle opening for Ukraine and Georgia was announced, though France and Germany, conscious of Russian concerns, successfully opposed defining a time frame. Beginning in 1999, NATO has added 14 new members in stages.Rather than look for a new European security framework, the newly independent Baltic and central European states sought security in a U.S.-led NATO.Secretary Of State had assured the Soviet President that “there would be no extension of NATO’s jurisdiction one inch to the east”. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in late-1989, then U.S.Russian and Chinese protests about NATO undertaking “out of area operations” without United Nations Security Council approval carried little weight.Redrawing national boundaries by force: After 1945, this is the second time that national boundaries are being redrawn by force the first was the 1999 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) air strikes on Serbian forces that led to the creation of Kosovo.On February 24, Russian President Vladimir Putin launched “special military operations” with the objective of “demilitarising Ukraine” but not “occupying” it. Mains level : Paper 2- Implications of Russia's actions in Ukraine Context
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
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